Senses and Musculoskeletal System
SENSES
In 1760, the philosopher Immanuel Kant said that our knownledge of the outer world depends on our forms of perception. There are five human senses: sighth, smell, touch, hearing and taste. Each of the senses consists of specialized cells that have receptor that react to a specific stimuli. These cells are connected to the brain through the nervous system. The sighth is probably the most developed sense of the human body.
- Sighth
The eye is the organ of vision. The eye has a complex structure which consists of a lens that focuses light on the retina. The retina is covered by two types of photoreceptor cells with cone and cane shapes. The cone-shaped cells are sensitive to the colour of light and are located in the part of the retina called the fovea, where the lens focuses light. Cone-shaped cells are not sensitive to colour, but have a high sensitivity to light. The canes are located around the fovea and are responsible for peripheral vision and night vision. The eye is connected to the brain through the optic nerve. The pain of this connection is called the 'blind spot' because is it insensitive to light. Scientific experiments have shown that the back of the brain corresponds to visual perception.
- Hearing
The ear is the organ of hearing. The ear forms the outer ear which is called d the pinna, it sends sound towards the tympanic membrane. Vibrations are transmitted to the inner ear through several small bones, the ossicles, called the hammer, anvil and the stirrup. The inner ear, or cochlea, is a spiral-shaped chamber whose interior covered by fiber that reacts to vibrations and transmits impulses to the brain via the auditory nerve. The brain combines signals from both ears to determine the direction and distance of sounds.
- Taste
Receptors for taste are the taste buds found mainly on the tongue, but are also located on the palate and near the pharynx. The taste buds can detect found basic tastes: salty, sweet, bitter and sour. The tongue can also detect a taste called umami by receptors sensitive to amino acids. Generally the taste buds on the tip of the tongue are sensitive to sweet tastes, while the papillae on the back of the tongue are sensitive to bitter tastes. The taste buds on top and sides of the tongue are sensitive to salty and acid tastes. At the base of each papilla is a nerve that sends the sensations to the brain. The sense of taste works coordination with the sense of the smell. The number of papillae varies from one person to another but higher numbers of papillae increase of sensitivity of the flavours. Women generally have a greater number of taste buds than men.
- Smell
The nose is the organ responsible for the sense of the smell. The cavity of the nose is lined y mucous membranes that have olfactory receptors connected to the olfactory nerves. Smells consist of vapors of various substances. Odor receptors react with the molecules of these vapors and transmit the sensations to the brain. The nose also houses a structure called the vomeronasal organ whose function has not been determines but is suspected to be sensitive to the pheromones that influence the reproductive cycle. Odor receptors are sensitive to seven types of primary odors that can be characterized as champor, musk, flowers, peppermint, ether, acrid and rotten, The sense of smell is sometimes lost temporarily when a person is cooled and the mucous membrane becomes inflamed. Dogs have a sense of smell that is many times more sensitive than that of a man.
- Touch
The sense is distributed through the body. Nerves in the skin and other parts of the body transmit sensations to the brain. Some parts of nerve receptors and, therefore, are more sensitive. Four kinds of touch sensations can be identified: cold, heat, contact and pain. The hairs on the skin magnify the sensitivity and act as rapid alert system for the body. The fingertips and sexual organs have the greatest concentration of nerve receptors. The sexual organs have "erogenous zones" that when stimulated generate a series of endocrine and mechanical reactions that result in an orgasm.
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
The muscular system is composed of specialized cells called muscle fibers. Their predominant function is contractibility. Muscles, attached to bones of internal and blood vessels, are responsible for movement. Nearly all movement in the body is the result of muscle contraction. Exceptions to this are the actions of cilia, The flagellum or sperm cells, and amoeboid movement on some white blood cells.
The integrated action of joints, bones and skeletal muscles produces obvious movements such as walking and running. Skeletal muscles also produce more subtle movements that result in various facial expressions, eye movements, and respiration.
In addition to movement, muscle contraction also fuflills some either important functions in the body, such as porsture, joint stability, and heat production. Posture, such as sitting and standing, is maintained as a result of muscle contraction.
The skeletal muscles are continually making fire adjustements that hold the body in stationary positions. The tendons of many muscles extend over joints and in this way contribute to joint stability. This is particulary evident in the knee and shoulder joints, where muscle tendons are a major factor in stabilizing the joint.
Heat production, to maintain body temperature, is an important by - product of muscle metabolism. Nearly 85% of the heat produced in the body is the result of muscle contraction.
- Introduction to the Skeletal System
Humans are vertebrates, animals having a vertebral column or backbone. The human skeletal system consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments and tendons. The living bones in our bodies use oxygen and give off waste products in metabolism. They contain active tissues that consume nutrients, require a blood supply and change shape or remodel in response to variations in mechanical stress.
Bones provide a rigid framework, known as the skeleton, that support and protect the soft organs of the body.
The skeleton supports the body agains the pull of gravity. The large bones of the lower limbs support the trunk when stanting.
The skeleton also protects the soft body part. The fused bones of the cranium, surround the brain to make it less vulnerable to injury.
Darius Florin Boros
In 1760, the philosopher Immanuel Kant said that our knownledge of the outer world depends on our forms of perception. There are five human senses: sighth, smell, touch, hearing and taste. Each of the senses consists of specialized cells that have receptor that react to a specific stimuli. These cells are connected to the brain through the nervous system. The sighth is probably the most developed sense of the human body.
- Sighth
The eye is the organ of vision. The eye has a complex structure which consists of a lens that focuses light on the retina. The retina is covered by two types of photoreceptor cells with cone and cane shapes. The cone-shaped cells are sensitive to the colour of light and are located in the part of the retina called the fovea, where the lens focuses light. Cone-shaped cells are not sensitive to colour, but have a high sensitivity to light. The canes are located around the fovea and are responsible for peripheral vision and night vision. The eye is connected to the brain through the optic nerve. The pain of this connection is called the 'blind spot' because is it insensitive to light. Scientific experiments have shown that the back of the brain corresponds to visual perception.
- Hearing
The ear is the organ of hearing. The ear forms the outer ear which is called d the pinna, it sends sound towards the tympanic membrane. Vibrations are transmitted to the inner ear through several small bones, the ossicles, called the hammer, anvil and the stirrup. The inner ear, or cochlea, is a spiral-shaped chamber whose interior covered by fiber that reacts to vibrations and transmits impulses to the brain via the auditory nerve. The brain combines signals from both ears to determine the direction and distance of sounds.
- Taste
Receptors for taste are the taste buds found mainly on the tongue, but are also located on the palate and near the pharynx. The taste buds can detect found basic tastes: salty, sweet, bitter and sour. The tongue can also detect a taste called umami by receptors sensitive to amino acids. Generally the taste buds on the tip of the tongue are sensitive to sweet tastes, while the papillae on the back of the tongue are sensitive to bitter tastes. The taste buds on top and sides of the tongue are sensitive to salty and acid tastes. At the base of each papilla is a nerve that sends the sensations to the brain. The sense of taste works coordination with the sense of the smell. The number of papillae varies from one person to another but higher numbers of papillae increase of sensitivity of the flavours. Women generally have a greater number of taste buds than men.
- Smell
The nose is the organ responsible for the sense of the smell. The cavity of the nose is lined y mucous membranes that have olfactory receptors connected to the olfactory nerves. Smells consist of vapors of various substances. Odor receptors react with the molecules of these vapors and transmit the sensations to the brain. The nose also houses a structure called the vomeronasal organ whose function has not been determines but is suspected to be sensitive to the pheromones that influence the reproductive cycle. Odor receptors are sensitive to seven types of primary odors that can be characterized as champor, musk, flowers, peppermint, ether, acrid and rotten, The sense of smell is sometimes lost temporarily when a person is cooled and the mucous membrane becomes inflamed. Dogs have a sense of smell that is many times more sensitive than that of a man.
- Touch
The sense is distributed through the body. Nerves in the skin and other parts of the body transmit sensations to the brain. Some parts of nerve receptors and, therefore, are more sensitive. Four kinds of touch sensations can be identified: cold, heat, contact and pain. The hairs on the skin magnify the sensitivity and act as rapid alert system for the body. The fingertips and sexual organs have the greatest concentration of nerve receptors. The sexual organs have "erogenous zones" that when stimulated generate a series of endocrine and mechanical reactions that result in an orgasm.
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
The muscular system is composed of specialized cells called muscle fibers. Their predominant function is contractibility. Muscles, attached to bones of internal and blood vessels, are responsible for movement. Nearly all movement in the body is the result of muscle contraction. Exceptions to this are the actions of cilia, The flagellum or sperm cells, and amoeboid movement on some white blood cells.
The integrated action of joints, bones and skeletal muscles produces obvious movements such as walking and running. Skeletal muscles also produce more subtle movements that result in various facial expressions, eye movements, and respiration.
In addition to movement, muscle contraction also fuflills some either important functions in the body, such as porsture, joint stability, and heat production. Posture, such as sitting and standing, is maintained as a result of muscle contraction.
The skeletal muscles are continually making fire adjustements that hold the body in stationary positions. The tendons of many muscles extend over joints and in this way contribute to joint stability. This is particulary evident in the knee and shoulder joints, where muscle tendons are a major factor in stabilizing the joint.
Heat production, to maintain body temperature, is an important by - product of muscle metabolism. Nearly 85% of the heat produced in the body is the result of muscle contraction.
- Introduction to the Skeletal System
Humans are vertebrates, animals having a vertebral column or backbone. The human skeletal system consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments and tendons. The living bones in our bodies use oxygen and give off waste products in metabolism. They contain active tissues that consume nutrients, require a blood supply and change shape or remodel in response to variations in mechanical stress.
Bones provide a rigid framework, known as the skeleton, that support and protect the soft organs of the body.
The skeleton supports the body agains the pull of gravity. The large bones of the lower limbs support the trunk when stanting.
The skeleton also protects the soft body part. The fused bones of the cranium, surround the brain to make it less vulnerable to injury.
Darius Florin Boros
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